Herbal Textual Research on Tsaoko Fructus in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

This article systematically analyzes the historical evolution of the origin， scientific name， medicinal parts， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing and other aspects of Tsaoko Fructus by consulting ancient materia medica， medical books， prescription books in the past dynasties and combining with the modern literature， so as to provide a basis for the development and utilization of famous classical formulas containing Tsaoko Fructus. According to the research， the name of Caoguo（草果） was first used in the Taiping Huimin Heji Jufang（《太平惠民和剂局方》） in the Northern Song dynasty， Tsaoko Fructus is the correct name of the herbal medicine in all dynasties， and there are also aliases such as Caokou， Doukou， Loukou， Laokou and Caodoukou. The mainstream source of Tsaoko Fructus used in the past dynasties is the dried mature fruit of Amomum tsaoko of Zingiberaceae， but Tsaoko Fructus was often used as a nickname for Amomi Fructus Rotundus or Alpiniae Katsumadai Semen during the Song dynasty. Bencao Pinhui Jingyao（《本草品汇精要》） in the Ming dynasty was the earliest materia medica that recorded Tsaoko Fructus as a separate medicinal herb in sections. Under the influence of early ancient books， there were some books that confused Tsaoko Fructus with other Zingiberaceae plants during the Qing dynasty， it was not until modern times that Tsaoko Fructus was distinguished from other plants. The origin of Tsaoko Fructus is Yunnan and Guangxi， and then gradually expanded to Guizhou and other places. Now Yunnan is the province with the largest planting area of Tsaoko Fructus， and has become the main producing area. Since modern times， it has been recorded in the literature that the quality of Tsaoko Fructus is mainly characterized by large， full， red-brown and strong in smell. According to ancient records， the harvest time of Tsaoko Fructus was in the eighth month of the lunar calendar， and they were mostly used for peeling or simmering. Currently， the harvest period of Tsaoko Fructus is October to November， and then sun-dried or dried after harvesting. The records of the properties and functional indications of Tsaoko Fructus are basically consistent with the ancient and modern documents， which is warm in nature， pungent in flavor， belonging to the spleen and stomach meridians， moderate in dryness and dampness， intercepting malaria and eliminating phlegm， used for internal resistance of cold and dampness， abdominal distension and pain， fullness and vomiting， malaria cold and fever， and plague fever. Based on the research results， it is suggested that A. tsaoko should be used as the medicinal base for the development of famous classical formulas containing Tsaoko Fructus， processing method can be according to the requirements of the prescription， and if the requirements of concoction are not indicated， it can be used in the form of raw products.

Herbal Textual Research on Bletillae Rhizoma in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

In order to provide basic information for the utilization and development of famous classical formulas containing Bletillae Rhizoma， this article systematically analyzes the historical evolution of the name， origin， harvesting and processing of Bletillae Rhizoma by reviewing the ancient materia medica， prescription books， medical books and modern literature. The research results showed that Baiji（白及） was the main name， some scholars took Baiji（白芨） as its main name， and there were many other names such as Baiji（白给）， Baigen（白根）， Baiji（白苙）. The mainstream source of Bletillae Rhizoma was the tubers of Bletilla striata， and drying， large， white， solid， root-free and skin removed completely were the good quality standards. With the promotion of wild to cultivated medicinal materials， there were certain differences between their traits， and the quality evaluation indexes should be adjusted accordingly. The origin of records in the past dynasties was widely distributed， with Guizhou and Sichuan having high production and good quality in modern times. The harvesting period is mostly in spring and autumn， and harvested in autumn was better. The processing and processing technology is relatively simple， and it was used fresh or powdered in past dynasties， while it is mainly sliced for raw use in modern times. Based on the results， it is suggested that the tubers of Bletilla striata of Orchidaceae should be used in the famous classical formulas， and it should be uniformly written as Baiji（白及）. And if the original formula indicates the requirement of processing， it should be operated according to the requirement， if the requirement of processing is not indicated， it can be used in raw form as medicine.

Herbal Textual Research on Farfarae Flos in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

By consulting ancient and modern literature， the herbal textual research of Farfarae Flos has been conducted to verify the name， origin， producing area， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing methods， so as to provide reference for the development and utilization of the famous classical formulas containing Farfarae Flos. According to the research， the results showed that Farfarae Flos was first described as a medicinal material by the name of Kuandonghua in Shennong Bencaojing（《神农本草经》）， and the name was used and justified by later generations. The main origin was the folwer buds of Tussilago farfara， in addition， the flower buds of Petasites japonicus were used as medicine in ancient times. The ancient harvesting time of Farfarae Flos was mostly in the twelfth month of the lunar calendar， and the modern harvesting time is in December or before the ground freeze when the flower buds have not been excavated. Hebei， Gansu， Shaanxi are the authentic producing areas with the good quality products. Since modern times， its quality is summarized as big， fat， purple-red color， no pedicel is better. Processing method from soaking with licorice water in the Northern and Southern dynasties to stir-frying with honey water followed by micro-fire in the Ming dynasty， and gradually evolved to the modern mainstream processing method of honey processing. Based on the research results， it is suggested that the dried flower buds of T. farfara， a Compositae plant， should be selected for the development of famous classical formulas containing Farfarae Flos， and the corresponding processed products should be selected according to the specific processing requirements of the formulas， and raw products are recommended for medicinal use without indicating processing requirements.

Herbal Textual Research on Olibanum in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

By consulting the ancient and moderm literature， this paper makes a textual research on the name， origin， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing of Olibanum， so as to provide a basis for the development of the famous classical formulas containing this medicinal material. According to the herbal textual research， the results showed that Olibanum was first described as a medicinal material by the name of Xunluxiang in Mingyi Bielu（《名医别录》）， until Ruxiang had been used as the correct name since Bencao Shiyi（《本草拾遗》） in Tang dynasty. The main origin was Boswellia carterii from Burseraceae family. The mainly producing areas in ancient description were ancient India and Arabia， while the modern producing areas are Somalia， Ethiopia and the southern Arabian Peninsula. The medicinal part of Olibanum in ancient and modern times is the resin exuded from the bark， which has been mainly harvested in spring and summer. It is concluded that the better Olibanum has light yellow， granular， translucent， no impurities such as sand and bark， sticky powder and aromatic smell. There were many processing methods in ancient times， including cleansing（water flying， removing impurities）， grinding（wine grinding， rush grinding）， frying（stir-frying， rush frying， wine frying）， degreasing， vinegar processing， decoction. In modern times， the main processing methods are simplified to cleansing， stir-frying and vinegar processing. Nowadays， the commonly used specifications include raw， fried and vinegar-processed products. Among the three specifications， raw products is the Olibanum after cleansing， fried products is a kind of Olibanum processed by frying method， vinegar-processed products is the processed products of pure frankincense mixed with vinegar. Based on the research results， it is recommended to select the resin exuded from the bark of B. carterii for the famous classical formulas such as Juanbitang containing Olibanum， processing method should be carried out in accordance with the processing requirements of the formulas， otherwise used the raw products if the formulas without clear processing requirements.

Quality Evaluation of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma in Different Production Methods Based on Traditional Traits / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveBased on the experience of traditional quality evaluation， the quality of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma（AMR） with different production methods such as direct seeding， transplanting after seedling raising， topping and non-topping， and difference in growth years was compared. MethodVernier caliper was used to measure the trait data of AMR in different production methods. Paraffin sections of AMR with different production methods were made by saffron solid green staining， and the microstructure was observed. The contents of water-soluble and alcohol-soluble extracts in AMR with different production methods were determined according to the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The content of water-soluble total polysaccharides in AMR with different production methods was detected by sulfuric acid-anthrone method. Fiber analyzer was used to detect the content of fiber components in AMR with different production methods. The contents of monosaccharides， oligosaccharides and some secondary metabolites in AMR with different production methods were detected by ultra performance liquid chromatography（UPLC）， and the differences of chemical components were compared by multivariate statistical analysis methods such as principal component analysis（PCA） and partial least squares-discriminant analysis（PLS-DA）. ResultIn terms of traits， the 3-year-old AMR with direct seeding and without topping was close to the high-quality AMR with "phoenix-head and crane-neck， strong sweetness and clear aroma" recorded in ancient materia medica， followed by the 3-year-old AMR with topping after transplanting， while the 2-year-old AMR with topping after transplanting with high market circulation rate was generally fat and strong with mild odor. In the microscopic aspect， the arrangement of xylem vessels and fiber bundles in the 3-year-old samples formed two obvious rings. Compared with the 2-year-old samples cultivated in Bozhou and Zhejiang， the 3-year-old samples without topping after transplanting had more wood fibers. In terms of chemical composition， the contents of 70% ethanol extract， fructose， glucose， sucrose， 1-kestose， atractylenolide Ⅰ， chlorogenic acid， neochlorogenic acid， cryptochlorogenic acid and other components in 3-year-old AMR with direct seeding and without topping were significantly higher than those in the other three samples（P<0.05）. The contents of cellulose， 70% ethanol extract， sucrose， atractylenolide Ⅰ， atractylone and other components in 3-year-old AMR with topping after transplanting were significantly higher than those in the 2-year-old AMR with high market circulation rate（P<0.05）， while the contents of water-soluble extract and water-soluble total polysaccharides in 2-year-old samples with topping after transplanting were significantly higher than those in the 3-year-old AMR with topping after transplanting， direct seeding and without topping（P<0.05）. ConclusionUnder the current mainstream production mode， too much manual intervention makes AMR heavily enriched in polysaccharides and increased the yield， but the accumulation of sweet substances， fragrant substances and fiber substances is insufficient， which affects its quality. The current quality standard of AMR has some shortcomings in guiding the high quality production of it， it is suggested to revise the quality standard of AMR， supplement the quantitative analysis of secondary metabolites， and strengthen the production of imitation wild AMR.

Analysis on Quality of Sojae Semen Praeparatum Based on Traditional Quality Evaluation / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveBased on the quality evaluation experience of "it is better to have a fragrant and strong aroma" summarized by materia medica of past dynasties， the chemical components of Sojae Semen Nigrum（SSN） and Sojae Semen Praeparatum（SSP） were systematically compared and analyzed， and the main fermentation products in different fermentation time were quantitatively analyzed， so as to clarify the transformation law of internal components in the processing process and provide scientific basis for the modern quality control of SSP. MethodUltra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS） was used for the structural identification of the chemical constituents of SSN and SSP， and with the aid of Progenesis QI v2.3 software， the negative ion mode was employed for principal component analysis（PCA） pattern recognition， and the data were analyzed with the aid of orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA） for two-dimensional data to obtain S-plot， and components with |P|>0.1 were selected as the differential constituents. The contents of isoflavonoids in SSP during fermentation was determined by UPLC， and the samples were taken every 8 h in the pre-fermentation period and every 2 d in the post-fermentation period， and the dynamic changes of isoflavonoid contents in different fermentation stages were analyzed. The contents of amino acids and nucleosides in SSP and SSN from different fermentation stages were quantitatively analyzed by phenyl isothiocyanate（PITC） pre-column derivatization and high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） gradient elution， and the contribution of flavor substances to the "delicious" taste of SSP was discussed by taste intensity value（TAV）. ResultA total of 19 kinds of differential components were screened out， mainly soybean saponins and isoflavones， and their contents decreased significantly or even disappeared after fermentation. In the pre-fermentation process of SSP， glycoside bond hydrolysis mainly occurred， and isoflavone glycosides in SSN were degraded and converted into the corresponding aglycones， the content of flavor substances such as amino acids increased gradually. In the post-fermentation process， protein degradation mainly occurred， after 8 d of post-fermentation， the content of isoflavones was basically stable， while the total content of amino acids increased by 8-40 times on average. Different amino acids form the special flavor of SSP， such as the TAV of glutamate is always ahead of other flavor substances， and sweet substances such as alanine and valine have made relatively great contributions to SSP. ConclusionBased on the law of constituent transformation， combined with the traditional evaluation index of "fragrant and strong"， it is difficult to control the fermentation degree of SSP by the existing standards in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. It is suggested that description of the characteristics of SSP be refined and changed to "fragrant， delicious and slightly sweet"， and at the same time， the post-fermentation index compounds such as glutamic acid， alanine and valine should be added as the quality control indicators of SSP， so as to standardize the production process and improve the quality of SSP.

Comparison of Cultivated and Wild-simulated Astragali Radix Based on Traditional Quality Evaluation / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveBased on the traditional quality evaluation methods summarized in previous dynasties， this paper systematically contrasted cultivated Astragali Radix（CA） and wild-simulated Astragali Radix（WA） from the aspects of character， microstructure and chemical composition by modern technological means. MethodThe collected CA and WA were compared in characters and microscopic characteristics in cross section， and comparative analysis were performed on the contents of cellulose， extracts， carbohydrate， total flavonoids， total saponins， etc. Then ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS） and desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging（DESI-MSI） were used to comparatively analyze the secondary metabolites and their spatial distributions in the xylem and phloem of CA and WA. ResultIn terms of characters， the characters and sectional features of WA was consistent with the characteristics of high-quality Astragali Radix， while the CA was quite different from the traditional high-quality Astragali Radix. In terms of microscopy， the phellem layer of CA was thin， and the section fissures were mostly distributed through the cambium in a long strip shape without obvious growth ring characteristics. The cork layer of WA was thick， and the cracks in the section were distributed in the center of the xylem and the outer edge of the phloem in an irregular cavity shape. The cambium was tight without cracks， and had obvious characteristics of a growth ring. In terms of chemical composition， the contents of water-soluble extract， 80% ethanol extract and sucrose of CA was significantly higher than those of WA， while the contents of total saponins， lignin and hemicellulose were significantly lower than those of WA. And the contents of 100% ethanol extract， total polysaccharides and total flavonoids in both of them were generally similar， but slightly higher in WA. The contents of 2 kinds of monoacyl-substituted flavonoid glycosides in the xylem of WA was significantly higher than those of CA， while the contents of 2 kinds of flavonoid aglycones and one flavonoid glycoside were on the contrary. The contents of 7 saponins in phloem of WA were significantly higher than those of CA. ConclusionThere are significant differences between CA and WA in characters， microstructure and chemical components， in which CA has a fast growth rate and a short planting period， and the primary metabolites such as water-soluble extracts and sucrose are more enriched， which is the reason for its firm texture and sweetness being significantly higher than those of WA. However， the contents of lignin， hemicellulose and some secondary metabolites in WA are significantly higher than those in the CA， which are close to the traditional description of characters and quality. Based on the results of this study， it is suggested to strengthen the production of WA， improve the supply capacity of WA， and gradually upgrade the current standard. It is recommended to increase the contents of monoacyl-substituted flavonoid glycosides， total saponins and other indicators that can characterize different production methods， so as to guide the high-quality production of Astragali Radix.

Reviews and Recommendations in Comparative Studies on Quality of Wild and Cultivated Chinese Crude Drugs / 中国实验方剂学杂志

By reviewing the research history on quality comparison between wild and cultivated Chinese crude drugs， this paper systematically combed the relevant research reports since the 1950s， and summarized and analyzed the results of existing comparative studies， and found that the existing comparative research on the quality of wild and cultivated Chinese crude drugs were mainly focused on several aspects， including characteristics， microstructures， chemical compositions， pharmacodynamic effects， and genetic diversity. Among these， comparative studies of chemical compositions have been the dominant approach， with a particular emphasis on comparing the contents of index components. However， research on pharmacodynamic effects remained relatively limited. Due to various factors such as sample quantity， sample origin， growth period and cultivation methods， the differences in quality between wild and cultivated Chinese crude drugs vary significantly. In general， most wild Chinese crude drugs exhibited higher quality than cultivated products， with significant differences in their characteristics. The contents and proportions of some chemical components underwent noticeable changes， particularly with a marked increase in the proportion of primary metabolites after cultivation. The quality of cultivated Chinese crude drugs is closely related to the cultivation practices employed. Chinese crude drugs produced through wild nurturing， simulated wild planting， ecological cultivation， and other similar methods demonstrate quality levels comparable to those of wild Chinese crude drugs. Based on the analysis results， it is recommended to explicitly specify the cultivation practices and cultivation period of cultivated Chinese crude drugs in comparative studies of the quality between wild and cultivated Chinese crude drugs. Multiple technical approaches， including characteristics， microscopy， non-targeted metabolomics combined with quantitative analysis of differential components， and bioefficacy evaluation， should be employed to comprehensively assess the quality disparities between wild and cultivated Chinese crude drugs. Moreover， research efforts should be intensified to investigate the changes in pharmacodynamic effects resulting from differences in plant cell wall composition， primary metabolites， and secondary metabolites， in order to guide the production of high-quality Chinese crude drugs.

Herbal Textual Research on Anemarrhenae Rhizoma in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Through reviewing ancient and modern literature， the textual research of Anemarrhenae Rhizoma（AR） has been conducted to verify the name， origin， changes in production areas， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing methods， so as to provide reference for the development and utilization of the famous classical formulas containing AR. Through the herbal textual research， AR was first published in Shennong Bencaojing， and has been used as the proper name for this herb for generations， and the mainstream source of AR used for generations is the rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides. The high-quality production areas that have been revered throughout the ages are Hebei， Shanxi， Shaanxi， Inner Mongolia and Fangshan district of Beijing， etc. In recent times， AR produced in Yixian county of Hebei province（Xiling Zhimu）， is better known and is regarded as a very good source. At present， cultivated AR is mainly produced in Yixian county and Anguo of Hebei province， Bozhou of Anhui province and other places. The medicinal parts of AR in ancient and modern times are all rhizomes， and the quality is better if it has thick flesh， hard wood， yellow outer color and white section color. The harvesting time recorded in ancient medical books is usually in lunar February and August， with exposure to dryness， while modern harvesting is spring and autumn. The processing methods of the past dynasties were mainly to remove the hair when using， avoid iron when cutting， process with wine or salt water， while the two main specifications in modern times are raw and salted products. Based on the systematic research， it is recommended that the dried rhizome of A. asphodeloides in the famous classical formulas be used for AR. If the original formula specifies processing requirements， it should be operated according to the requirements， if the processing requirements are not indicated， the raw products can be used as medicine.

Herbal Textual Research on Eucommiae Cortex in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

In order to provide the basis for the development of famous classical formulas， the name， origin， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing of Eucommiae Cortex were systematically researched by consulting the ancient herbal and medical books， combining with the modern literature. According to the textual research， materia medica in the past dynasties used Eucommiae Cortex as the correct name. Combined with characteristics， origin and efficacy， Eucommiae Cortex in ancient times to the present is the dry bark of Eucommia ulmoides from family Eucommiaceae. The earliest producing areas of Eucommiae Cortex are Henan， Shanxi， Shaanxi and Sichuan. Since the Ming dynasty， the producing areas have expanded to most of the regions in the country， and Sichuan， Shaanxi， Chongqing， Guizhou and Hubei are regarded as the authentic producing areas. It has been concluded that the quality of Eucommiae Cortex is best if the bark has thick body， large block， scraped rough skin， multi silk section and dark purple internal surface. In ancient times， the processing methods of Eucommiae Cortex were mainly included removing rough bark and cutting for raw use， processing with auxiliary materials such as honey， ginger juice， salt water， wine， and so on. While in modern times， the processing methods have become increasingly simplified which are mainly cutting raw materials after cleansing and salt processing. It is need to excavate the connotation of different processed products and restore the traditional main processing methods through standards. Based on the requirement of Eucommiae Cortex in Sanbitang， it is suggested to use ginger-processed products according to the research results， which is used ginger juice as auxiliary material and processed with stir frying method according to the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

Herbal Textual Research on Rhapontici Radix in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

This article systematically sorted out and researched the name， origin， harvesting and other aspects of Rhapontici Radix by referring to ancient materia medica， medical books and prescription books， combined with modern literature， in order to provide a reference basis for the development of the famous classical formulas containing this herb. According to the results of the herbal textual research， it can be seen that all the generations of the materia medica have taken Loulu as the proper name， and there are also aliases such as Luligen， Laowenghua and Jiahao. The mainstream base of Rhapontici Radix recorded in the past dynasties was the present Compositae plant Rhaponticum uniflorum， which is mostly used as medicine with roots. Since the Tang dynasty， the stems and leaves of Siphonostegia chinensis have been used as Rhapontici Radix in the northern region. Until modern times， Qizhou Pharmacognosy began to differentiate it into two categories， Qizhou Loulu and Yuzhou Loulu， according to the commodity circulation at that time， producing area and origin， of which Yuzhou Loulu is the roots of Echinops latifolius， a plant of Compositae family. In ancient times， the quality of Loulu was based on "the one that comes out of Shanzhou is the best". However， in modern times， the quality of Qizhou Loulu is better if the surface is black， neat， sturdy， firm， not broken， and without a withered heart， while the quality of Yuzhou Loulu is better if the branches are thick and long with an earthy-brown surface， solid texture and neat in length. In ancient times， most of the harvesting and processing of Loulu was "harvesting the roots in lunar August and drying them in the shade"， while in modern times， the roots are mostly excavated in the spring and autumn， and dried in the sun. Its ancient method of processing is to mix and steam with licorice， nowadays， it is prepared by removing impurities， washing， moistening thoroughly， cutting into thick slices and drying in the sun， and then taking the raw products as medicine. Based on the research conclusion， it is suggested that when developing and utilizing the famous classical formulas containing Loulu， the background of the formula should be verified， and if the original formula indicated the requirement of processing， it should be processed according to the requirement， but if not， it is recommended to use raw products as medicine.

Rapid authentication of different herbal medicines by heating online extraction electrospray ionization mass spectrometry / 药物分析学报

The rapid and accurate authentication of traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs)has always been a key scientific and technical problem in the field of pharmaceutical analysis.Herein,a novel heating online extraction electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(H-oEESI-MS)was developed for the rapid and direct analysis of extremely complex substances without the requirement for any sample pretreatment or pre-separation steps.The overall molecular profile and fragment structure features of various herbal medicines could be completely captured within 10-15 s,with minimal sample(＜0.5 mg)and solvent consumption(＜20 μL for one sample).Furthermore,a rapid differentiation and authentication strategy for TCMs based on H-oEESI-MS was proposed,including metabolic profile characterization,characteristic marker screening and identification,and multivariate statistical analysis model validation.In an analysis of 52 batches of seven types of Aconitum medicinal materials,20 and 21 key compounds were screened out as the characteristic markers of raw and processed Aconitum herbal medicines,respectively,and the possible structures of all the characteristic markers were comprehensively identified based on Com-pound Discoverer databases.Finally,multivariate statistical analysis showed that all the different types of herbal medicines were well differentiated and identified(R2X＞0.87,R2Y＞0.91,and Q2＞0.72),which further verified the feasibility and reliability of this comprehensive strategy for the rapid authentication of different TCMs based on H-oEESI-MS.In summary,this rapid authentication strategy realized the ultra-high-throughput,low-cost,and standardized detection of various complex TCMs for the first time,thereby demonstrating wide applicability and value for the development of quality standards for TCMs.

Herbal Textual Research on Linderae Radix in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

By reviewing the ancient and modern literature， the name， origin， medicinal parts and other aspects of Linderae Radix in famous classical formulas were systematically sorted out， so as to provide a basis for development of famous classical formulas containing this herb. Linderae Radix was first recorded in Bencao Shiyi in the Tang dynasty under name of Pangqi， and since Rihuazi Bencao of the Five dynasties， all generations of materia medica have used Wuyao as its proper name of the herb. The mainstream source of Linderae Radix used in the past dynasties is dried tuberous roots of Lindera aggregata contained in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The origins of Linderae Radix recorded in the past dynasties are mainly Guangdong， Guangxi， Hunan， Zhejiang， Anhui and others， since the Song dynasty， Tiantai county in Zhejiang province has been regarded as the authentic producing place， in modern times， it is still the authentic place of origin. At harvesting， in ancient times， the harvesting time of the roots was mostly in August， while in modern times， Linderae Radix is mostly harvested in winter and spring or throughout the year， and is dried directly after harvesting or cut thin slices and dried in the place of production. At processing， Linderae Radix was processed by removing the peel and heart， wine roasting， vinegar roasting and other methods in ancient times， and in modern times， it is mostly used in raw form as medicine. In conclusion， it is suggested that the processing method of fresh slicing and drying in the place of origin in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia should be adopted if Linderae Radix is involved in the development of famous classical formulas.

Herbal Textual Research on Trichosanthis Fructus and Trichosanthis Radix in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Through reviewing the ancient and modern literature， the name， origin， producing area， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing methods of Trichosanthis Fructus（TF） and Trichosanthis Radix（TR） in famous classical formulas were systematically sorted out following the chronological order. The results showed that there were many nicknames of TF and TR， and Gualou and Tianhuafen have become the mainstream names for its fruit and root， respectively. Both of them took Trichosanthes kirilowii as the mainstream base. TF and TR have been used as medicines in the Han dynasty， and since the North and South dynasties， Leigong Paozhilun had been clear that the effects of peels， seeds， stems， roots were different. TF was used as medicine with intact fruits， harvested after maturity from September to October， hung and dried in the shade， and its quality has been summarized in recent times as being best for those who are mature， large， thick and pliable peels， orange-yellow in color， and with sufficient sugary properties. In ancient times， the processing of TR was mostly crushed or shredded with the peels and seeds， or processing for pancakes and creams. TR was used as medicine with the roots， it is harvested from November to December， peeled and dried in the sun， and its quality was best when it was deep in the soil， large， white， powdery， firm and delicate with few muscles and veins， and it was considered to be toxic when it was born in briney land. Processing method of TR was to do powder into the medicine in the Tang dynasty， and gradually evolved into direct slicing use in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Since the modern era， the authentic producing areas of TF and TR were in the vicinity of Lingbao， Henan province， known as Anyang Huafen， and in modern times， there are well-known production areas such as Anguo， which produces Qihuafen， and Jinan， which produces Changqing Gualou. In the Song dynasty， there was a habit of substituting Trichosanthis Semen for the whole herb， which was later corrected by the materia medica in Ming dynasty. Based on the results， It is suggested that T. kirilowii be selected as the basal plant for the development of famous classical formulas involving TR and TF. In Qingjin Huatantang， Trichosanthis Semen is processed by stir-frying method， while TR and TF in other five formulas from the Catalogue of Ancient Famous Classical Formulas（The First Batch） were all used in raw form.

Herbal Textual Research on Chrysanthemi Flos in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

To conduct textual research on the records of Chrysanthemi Flos in the ancient literature from the aspects of name， origin， species， scientific name， origin， harvesting， processing， quality and so on， and the modern literature was sorted out to clarify the relationship between the ancient and modern times， so as to provide a reference for the development of famous classical formulas containing Chrysanthemi Flos. Chrysanthemi Flos is an ornamental， edible and medicinal plant in China， it has many aliases， but it has been recorded in this materia medica under the name of Juhua， Ganju and Ganjuhua. Before the Tang dynasty， medicinal Chrysanthemi Flos mainly collected wild products， including yellow flowers and white flowers， of which the mainstream of yellow flowers was originally Dendranthema lavandulifolium and D. potentilloides， the mainstream of white flowers is D. vestitum and D. chanetii. The cultivation of medicinal Chrysanthemi Flos began in the Northern Song dynasty， and wild D. lavandulifolium， D. potentilloides， D. vestitum and D. chanetii were selected through long-term interspecies and intraspecies crossbreeding， which gradually formed the current cultivar D. morifolium. After chrysanthemums were introduced abroad， foreign scholars began to name chrysanthemums with Linnaeus's plant classification system. In 1792， Mathier named chrysanthemums as Chrysanthemum morifolium and continued to this day， and all the editions of Chinese Pharmacopoeia adopted this scientific name. In the Song dynasty， many local varieties such as Nanyangju， Dengzhouhuang and Dengzhoubai appeared. By the time of the Republic of China， five famous authentic varieties， namely Huaiju， Boju， Chuju， Gongju and Hangju， had been cultivated for medicinal purposes. Boju has been the best medicinal variety since the late Qing dynasty. Hangbaiju has been famous for its tea use， especially the best quality of Huju. Chuju has its own unique characteristics， and it is of good quality both for medicine and tea. Gongju has always been a good tea chrysanthemum. Chrysanthemums are traditionally harvested in September of the lunar calendar， but some of the new varieties cultivated nowadays are harvested earlier. The embryo chrysanthemum in Hangbaiju is a commodity type that collects unopened buds in advance. In ancient times， chrysanthemums were mainly dried in the shade， in modern times， drying methods include drying in the shade， drying in the oven and drying in the sun after steaming. At present， hot air drying is mostly used. In terms of processing， Chrysanthemi Flos was used raw products in ancient times， in modern times， it is still widely used， sometimes stir fried（including stir-fried charcoal）. Due to different varieties， producing areas and processing methods， there are certain differences in the proportion of ingredients contained in chrysanthemum. Therefore， it is suggested that chrysanthemums with different varieties， origins and processing methods should be selected according to clinical indications in the development of famous classical formula preparations containing Chrysanthemi Flos.

Herbal Textual Research on Acanthopanacis Cortex in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Through the textual research and analysis of ancient and modern documents of Acanthopanacis Cortex（AC）， this paper combed the variety， origin， harvesting， processing and ancient quality evaluation methods of AC， and clarified the historical context of the mixing of its common counterfeit product（Periplocae Cortex）， in order to provide a basis for the development of famous classical formulas containing AC. AC was first published in Shennong Bencaojing with the name of Wujia， Wujiapi is the name rectification in all dynasties since Leigong Paozhilun. According to the description of inflorescence location and fruit morphology of Wujia in the materia medica， it is judged that the mainstream origin of AC used in previous dynasties was Acanthopanax gracilistylus. Periplocae Cortex was mixed with AC in the period of the Republic of China because it was in line with the "like Lycii Cortex， light， brittle and fragrant". The origin of Wujiapi recorded in past dynasties was concentrated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River， mainly in Hubei， Henan， Anhui and other places. Since modern times， the traditional quality evaluation of AC has been gradually summarized， with thick skin， white color and fragrant smell as the best. The traditional harvesting and processing of AC involved picking the stems in May and July of the lunar calendar， picking the roots in October， and drying in the shade. In modern times， the roots of AC are harvested， washed， peeled and dried in summer and autumn. In the past dynasties， there were rice wine processing， Euodiae Fructus boiling， ginger juice processing and other methods. In modern times， it is usually cut into thick slices after the cleansing. According to the research results， it is suggested that the root bark of A. gracilistylus should be selected as the origin of AC in famous classical formulas， which should be processed into the medicine according to the specific prescription requirements. In addition， it is suggested to restore the medicinal name of Periplocae Cortex as Yangtao， in order to reduce its chaotic influence on the medicinal use of AC.

Herbal Textual Research on Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

This article has systematically reviewed the name， origin， scientific name， producing area， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing methods of Polygonati Odorati Rhizoma（POR） by consulting the materia medica， medical books， prescription books and modern literature， in order to provide a reference for the development of famous classical formulas containing POR. Yuzhu was first recorded in the Shennong Bencaojing under the name of Nyuwei. After that， Weirui was used as the rectification name in the subsequent dynasties， and in recent times， the name of Yuzhu is mostly used in materia medica and prescription books. In ancient times， there were different names for Yuzhu， such as Nyuwei， Weiwei and Weirui. The names of the three are similar and there was a mixed use of the same name and foreign matter in history. In the Tang dynasty， SU Jing listed Nyuwei with the effect of curing dysentery in the intermediate of herbal part of Xinxiu Bencao according to its different efficacy. However， based on Shennong Bencaojing， Mingyi Bielu and the different energy efficiency of medical prescriptions， SU Song of the Northern Song dynasty believed that the three were medicinal materials of different origins. In short， the names of the three have been unclear in history for a long time. According to the development of the time line， this paper examines the names and realities of the three， and concludes that the two（Weiwei and Weirui） are the same medicinal material， that is， Polygonatum odoratum of Liliaceae， and the Nyuwei is Clematis apiifolia of Ranunculaceae， and the source relationship of the three is clarified. The mainstream source of Yuzhu used in the past dynasties was the rhizome of P. odoratum， which was widely distributed in the wild and has a large amount of resources. The origins of Yuzhu recorded in ancient times were mainly Taishan in Shandong， Chuzhou and Shuzhou in Anhui， and Hanzhong in Shaanxi， in modern times， it was produced in northern Hebei and Shaoyang in Hunan with high quality， and in the modern times， Jiangbei Yuzhu from Haimen in Jiangsu， Anyuzhu from Nanling， Anqing and Tongling in Anhui， Guanyuzhu from Fengrun， Yutian， Zunhua， Huailai in Hebei and Suizhong， Jinxi， Jianchang， Lingyuan， Liaoyang， Haicheng， Gaiping in Liaoning， Xiangyuzhu from Shaoyang in Hunan are the authentic medicinal material. In ancient times， the quality of Yuzhu was good if it was fat and white， while in modern times， it is better with thick roots， bright yellow color， soft texture， no stiff skin and no oiliness. In ancient times， the origin processing of POR was mostly dried in the shade， but in modern times， it is mostly sun-dried or dried after steaming and rubbing. The ancient processing was mostly scraped off the skin and soaked in honey water and then steamed through， while the modern one is mostly washed and cut into thick slices for raw use. Based on the conclusion of the herbal textual research， it is suggested that the rhizome of P. odoratum of Liliaceae be used as the source for the development of famous classical formulas， and the corresponding specifications be selected according to the processing requirements of the prescription. In view of the Yiweitang in Wenbing Tiaobian， which uses the method of frying fragrance to achieve the effect of fragrant refreshing the spleen， it can be processed by referring to the stir-frying method in the current version of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

Herbal Textual Research on Moslae Herba in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Through the textual research and analysis of the variety， origin， processing， quality evaluation and clinical application of Moslae Herba in ancient and modern literature， its origin of materia medica was clarified. Moslae Herba has experienced variety changes in history. Elsholtzia ciliata was the mainstream variety during and before the Song dynasty， however， during the Ming and Qing dynasties， emerging variety of Mosla chinensis rose to the mainstream status due to its remarkable efficacy and the formation of cultivation， and differentiated into two commodities（wild variety of Qingxiangru and cultivated variety of Jiangxiangru）， cultivated products formed an authentic producing area in Jiangxi. The three varieties coexisted during the Ming and Qing dynasties， and the Elsholtzia varieties were gradually eliminated. Variety changes have caused changes in the functions and indications of drugs. E. ciliata had the effect of clearing heat and was mainly used to treat heatstroke and cholera， while M. chinensis was used for exogenous wind cold and dampness in the summer because of its warm and strong sweating properties， but not for cholera. Traditional Moslae Herba is mainly harvested in the summer and autumn （flowering to fruiting stage） and the above-ground parts are dry in the shade and used as medicine. Modern Qingxiangru is mostly harvested before the flowering period， and Jiangxiangru is harvested after flowering and fruiting in late summer and early autumn. In summary， according to the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia， the dried above-ground parts of Moslae Herba should be selected for Xinjia Xiangruyin in the Catalogue of Ancient Famous Classical Formulas（The First Batch）， mainly the cultivated variety of Jiangxiangru， and the raw products is cut into segments and used as medicine. It is suggested that when applying and developing famous classical formulas containing Moslae Herba at different periods of time today， the origin should be established in conjunction with clinical efficacy.

Herbal Textual Research on Lasiosphaera Calvatia in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

By consulting ancient materia medica， medical books， prescription books and modern literature， this paper systematically combed and reviewed the name， origin， scientific name evolution， producting area， quality evaluation， medicinal parts， harvesting and processing and traditional efficacy of Lasiosphaera Calvatia. The results show that Mabo was first recorded in Mingyi Bielu. Since then， all dynasties have taken Mabo as a legitimate name. Before the Song dynasty， only Calvatia lilacina was used as the original plant of Lasiosphaera Calvatia， which was expanded after the Song dynasty with the appearance of C. gigantea， Lasiosphaera fenzlii， Bovistella radicata and other varieties. Until modern times， there was an addition of Lycoperdon perlatum， L. pyriforme and other original plants of Lasiosphaera Calvatia. Since 1975， the original plant of Lasiosphaera Calvatia in various regulations and academic monographs has been basically uniform for C. lilacina， Lasiosphaera fenzlii and C. gigantea. Resource of the medicinal fungus was widely distributed in China and was mainly wild. From ancient times to the present， the medicinal parts of Lasiosphaera Calvatia are all fruiting body， which is harvested in summer and autumn， and its processing method was to take powder in ancient times， but to cut blocks in modern times. In recent times， its quality has been summarized as large， thin-skinned， intact， full， loose-bubbled and elastic. The medicinal efficacy has been developed from very good for all scores， and after the Ming and Qing dynasties， it is consistent with the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia， with the efficacy of clearing the lung， promoting pharynx， relieving fever and hemostasis， mainly treating cough aphonia， throat obstruction and pharyngeal pain， vomiting blood， epistaxis， hemoptysis， and external treating sores and bleeding from cuts and wounds. Based on the results of herbal textual research， it is suggested that C. lilacina is the first choice for the origin of Lasiosphaera Calvatia involved in famous classical formulas， and it is processed into block or powder for medicine.

Herbal Textual Research on Polygoni Multiflori Radix and Polygoni Multiflori Caulis in Famous Classical Formulas / 中国实验方剂学杂志

By reviewing ancient materia medica， medical books， prescription books and modern literature， this paper conducted a systematic research on name， origin， medicinal parts， producing area， quality， harvesting and processing methods， functions and toxicity of Polygoni Multiflori Radix（PMR） and Polygoni Multiflori Caulis（PMC） in famous classical formulas. It was found that the name of Heshouwu was first found in the Biography of Heshouwu and originated from its discoverer， and then still in use today. Since the Song dynasty， Heshouwu has been included in the materia medica with Fallopia multiflora as the mainstream origin. Since the Ming dynasty， in addition to F. multiflora， Cynanchum bungei， C. wilfordii， C. auriculatum have been used as the origin of Heshouwu. Heshouwu is widely distributed， the production areas recorded in ancient times are mainly Luchuan， Guangxi and Ganzhou， Jiangxi， and in modern times， Deqing， Guangdong and other places are respected as the geo-authentic habitats. Its origin processing is mostly dug out， washed， sliced and dried in the sun. Modern literature concludes that the quality of PMR is better in terms of weight， solid quality and powder， while PMC is better in terms of uniformity and purplish-red skin. In the Qing dynasty and before that， it was recorded in the materia medica that PMR was harvested mainly in late spring， mid-summer and early autumn， in modern times， it was harvested mainly in spring and autumn， while PMC was harvested in autumn. In Song dynasty， the processing method of PMR was mainly soaked with rice-washed water， the Ming dynasty for black bean steaming method， the Qing dynasty for steaming followed by black bean juice maceration， while in modern times， it is mostly sliced and steamed with black bean juice and yellow rice wine until the juice is absorbed. PMC is prepared by removing impurities， washing or moistening， and cutting into sections to dry. During the five dynasties， PMR was used to treat infertility as well as gastrointestinal diseases and blood in the stool caused by wind chill， and during the Song dynasty， it was mostly used raw products for the treatment of scrofula and carbuncles， and in the Yuan and Ming dynasties， raw and processed products were used， and Polygoni Multiflori Radix Praeparata was used to treat hemorrhoids， waist and knee soreness. PMC is mainly used for treating insomnia， fatigue and sweating， wind sores and scabies， etc. In the Song dynasty， the ancients considered that PMR was non-toxic， but its toxicity was gradually discovered after the Ming dynasty， and the toxicity mechanism has not been clearly analyzed yet. Based on the results of the textual research， it is recommended that F. multiflora be used as the base for development of famous classical formulas containing PMR， and from the safety perspective， it is recommended to use raw products with caution， oral administration must be used processed products. PMC is recommended to use raw products.